An attack is the process of a tower selecting a target and performing an action, typically aiming at a Bloon and firing projectiles at it. Towers can have multiple attacks, each with their own cooldown, which determines their attack speed. Attacks can have multiple functions, including:
Towers have a range stat that determines how far away they can target their attacks. A tower's range is indicated by a transparent circle centered on the tower; the numerical range value represents the radius of this circle. Typically, attacking towers should prioritize having as much track length as possible within their range, so that they have the best opportunity to attack Bloons as they pass by.
A tower's footprint is the invisible area of space that it is considered to occupy. Usually, towers cannot be placed such that their footprint overlaps other towers or terrain it cannot be placed on.
In Bloons TD 6 and Bloons TD Battles 2, towers are organized into different categories based on their appearance or abilities. Certain modes limit the player's access to tower categories, such as Military Only and Primary Only.
Beginning in Bloons TD 5, towers can have Activated Abilities, which are moves that are typically very powerful or offer strong utility, but must be manually activated and have a cooldown between uses. Abilities can have many different effects, such as attacking Bloons, buff other towers, generate cash.
In Bloons TD 6, abilities are usually first unlocked once a tower is upgraded to tier 4 in the middle path, with the tier 5 upgrade improving the ability further. Most Heroes have two or three Activated Abilities that they unlock at levels 3, 7 (if they have three abilities), and 10.
Buffs are effects applied to towers which modify aspects of said tower such as attack pierce, attack damage, or tower range.
Some instances that can provide buffs are the Monkey Village, Engineer Monkey (Overclock), and Alchemist (Acidic Mixture Dip/Berserker Brew/Stronger Stimulant).
Some Heroes can also apply buffs to other towers, such as Gwendolin (Heat it up/Pyrotechnics Expert), Obyn Greenfoot (Nature's Wrath/Nature's Clarity), and Geraldo (Jar of Pickles/See Invisibility Potion/Sharpening Stone/Bottle of 'Gerry's Fire' Hot Sauce)
Select Paragons can also apply buffs to other towers, including other paragons. The Glaive Dominus grants an attack speed bonus to all primary towers, the Ascended Shadow grants Camo detection to all towers, and the Master Builder can apply an area of effect overclock to other towers.
A sub-tower is a tower created by another tower. Most sub-towers are temporarily created by an attack or Activated Ability from a parent tower and have mechanics that interact with their parent towers.